Turning Complex Derivative Data into Clear Market Insights
NSE & BSE Indices Futures and Options Open Interest Volume Analysis for 31/08/2026

Table of Contents
To figure out what the institutional players are really planning, we have to dive deep into our daily Open Interest Volume Analysis, and today’s data is showing a massive split personality across the major indices.
On one hand, we have the NIFTY and SENSEX flashing warning signs as aggressive bears pile in with “Fresh Shorts.”
On the flip side, BANKNIFTY is completely bucking the trend with massive “Short Covering” and fresh long build-ups, while MIDCPNIFTY traders are frantically booking profits via “Long Unwinding” on crazy high volumes. Let’s break down exactly what this tug-of-war means for your trading screens this week!
NSE & BSE F&O Market Signals
NIFTY Future analysis
“NIFTY Future Analysis
NIFTY Spot closed at: 24080.4 (-0.394%)
Combined = September + October + November
Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 3.01%
Combined Fut Volume Change: 31.49%
Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
Rollover: 10% Previous 9%
NIFTY SEPTEMBER Future closed at: 24251.4 (-0.372%)
Sep Fut Premium 171 (Increased by 4.75 points)
Sep Fut Open Interest Change: 2.33%
Sep Fut Volume Change: 37.13%
Sep Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
NIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 24367.9 (-0.354%)
Oct Fut Premium 287.5 (Increased by 8.75 points)
Oct Fut Open Interest Change: 8.57%
Oct Fut Volume Change: -10.84%
Oct Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
NIFTY Weekly Expiry (01/09/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 0.804 (Increased from 0.776)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 1.059
Max Pain Level: 24100
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 24500
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 24000
Highest CALL Addition: 24100
Highest PUT Addition: 24000
NIFTY Monthly Expiry (29/09/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.162 (Increased from 1.158)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.888
Max Pain Level: 24400
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 25000
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 24000
Highest CALL Addition: 24600
Highest PUT Addition: 24000
BANKNIFTY Future Analysis
BANKNIFTY Spot closed at: 58024.95 (0.919%)
Combined = September + October + November
Combined Fut Open Interest Change: -1.09%
Combined Fut Volume Change: 21.35%
Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Short Covering
Rollover: 7% Previous 7%
BANKNIFTY SEPTEMBER Future closed at: 57887.2 (0.049%)
Sep Fut Discount -137.75 (Decreased by -500.45 points)
Sep Fut Open Interest Change: -1.6%
Sep Fut Volume Change: 18.9%
Sep Fut Open Interest Analysis: Short Covering
BANKNIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 58216.2 (0.060%)
Oct Fut Discount 191.25 (Decreased by -493.65 points)
Oct Fut Open Interest Change: 8.37%
Oct Fut Volume Change: 40.72%
Oct Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long
BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry (29/09/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.121 (Increased from 1.111)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.936
Max Pain Level: 57700
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 57500
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 57500
Highest CALL Addition: 59000
Highest PUT Addition: 55000
MIDCPNIFTY Future Analysis
MIDCPNIFTY Spot closed at: 15028.6 (0.414%)
Combined = September + October + November
Combined Fut Open Interest Change: -4.82%
Combined Fut Volume Change: 205.75%
Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Short Covering
Rollover: 2% Previous 2%
MIDCPNIFTY SEPTEMBER Future closed at: 14968.2 (-0.491%)
Sep Fut Discount -60.4 (Decreased by -135.7 points)
Sep Fut Open Interest Change: -4.93%
Sep Fut Volume Change: 194.06%
Sep Fut Open Interest Analysis: Long Covering
MIDCPNIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 15032.4 (-0.356%)
Oct Fut Premium 3.8 (Decreased by -115.65 points)
Oct Fut Open Interest Change: -4.39%
Oct Fut Volume Change: 493.10%
Oct Fut Open Interest Analysis: Long Covering
MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry (29/09/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.089 (Increased from 1.050)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.942
Max Pain Level: 15000
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 15000
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 14000
Highest CALL Addition: 14800
Highest PUT Addition: 14900
SENSEX Monthly Expiry (24/09/2026) Future
SENSEX Spot closed at: 76,957.27 (-0.398%)
SENSEX Monthly Future closed at: 77,674.30 (-0.364%)
Premium: 717.03 (Increased by 23.09 points)
Open Interest Change: 4.62%
Volume Change: -13.42%
Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
SENSEX Weekly Expiry (03/09/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (OI): 1.094 (Increased from 1.022)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 1.087
Max Pain Level: 77200
Maximum CALL OI: 78000
Maximum PUT OI: 77000
Highest CALL Addition: 77000
Highest PUT Addition: 76800
FII & DII Cash Market Activity
FIIs Net SELL: ₹ 7,985.88 Cr.
DIIs Net BUY: ₹ 4,588.88 Cr.
FII Derivatives Activity
| FII Trading Stats | 31.08.26 | 28.08.26 | 27.08.26 |
| FII Cash (Provisional Data) | -7,985.88 | -5,039.80 | -298.26 |
| Index Future Open Interest Long Ratio | 9.39% | 9.63% | 9.83% |
| Index Future Volume Long Ratio | 38.96% | 34.26% | 29.06% |
| Call Option Open Interest Long Ratio | 42.58% | 41.18% | 39.53% |
| Call Option Volume Long Ratio | 50.03% | 50.33% | 49.60% |
| Put Option Open Interest Long Ratio | 67.24% | 70.59% | 73.60% |
| Put Option Volume Long Ratio | 49.76% | 49.72% | 50.95% |
| Stock Future Open Interest Long Ratio | 54.43% | 54.35% | 54.30% |
| Stock Future Volume Long Ratio | 51.09% | 51.01% | 47.01% |
| Index Futures | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Fresh Short |
| Index Options | Fresh Short | Fresh Long | Fresh Long |
| Nifty Futures | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Fresh Short |
| Nifty Options | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Fresh Long |
| BankNifty Futures | Short Covering | Fresh Short | Long Covering |
| BankNifty Options | Fresh Long | Short Covering | Fresh Long |
| FinNifty Futures | Short Covering | Fresh Short | Fresh Short |
| FinNifty Options | Fresh Long | Fresh Long | Fresh Long |
| MidcpNifty Futures | Short Covering | Short Covering | Short Covering |
| MidcpNifty Options | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Fresh Long |
| NiftyNxt50 Futures | Long Covering | Long Covering | Long Covering |
| NiftyNxt50 Options | Fresh Long | Fresh Long | Fresh Short |
| Stock Futures | Fresh Long | Fresh Long | Long Covering |
| Stock Options | Fresh Short | Fresh Long | Fresh Short |
NSE & BSE Option market Trends : Options Insights
SENSEX weekly Expiry (3/09/2026)
The SENSEX index closed at 76957.27. The SENSEX weekly expiry for SEPTEMBER 3, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.094 against previous 1.022. The 77000PE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 78000CE and 75000PE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 77000CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 76800PE and 78500CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 77500PE, 77100PE, and 79700CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 77000PE option, followed by the 77000CE and 76900PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| SENSEX | Weekly | Expiry: | 03-09-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 76957.27 | 1.094 | 1.022 | 1.087 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 1,17,01,880 | 85,98,680 | 31,03,200 |
| PUT: | 1,27,96,720 | 87,89,000 | 40,07,720 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 78000 | 9,06,560 | 2,69,960 | 1,30,17,240 |
| 80000 | 7,39,360 | 1,69,540 | 42,34,700 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77000 | 6,43,920 | 4,24,580 | 2,20,80,880 |
| 78500 | 5,89,380 | 3,02,860 | 72,59,520 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 79700 | 40,220 | -1,03,960 | 7,67,520 |
| 80800 | 22,600 | -48,580 | 4,32,900 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77000 | 6,43,920 | 4,24,580 | 2,20,80,880 |
| 77500 | 6,45,140 | 70,080 | 1,45,03,300 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77000 | 9,59,780 | 2,95,200 | 3,14,79,840 |
| 75000 | 8,43,900 | 1,62,780 | 62,40,980 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 76800 | 5,64,880 | 4,11,620 | 1,99,80,340 |
| 77000 | 9,59,780 | 2,95,200 | 3,14,79,840 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77500 | 2,87,980 | -2,31,840 | 40,39,380 |
| 77100 | 2,68,960 | -1,39,540 | 1,32,67,220 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77000 | 9,59,780 | 2,95,200 | 3,14,79,840 |
| 76900 | 4,96,440 | 2,94,920 | 2,16,93,080 |
NIFTY Weekly Expiry (1/09/2026)
The NIFTY index closed at 24080.4. The NIFTY weekly expiry for SEPTEMBER 1, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 0.804 against previous 0.776. The 24500CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 24000PE and 24300CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 24000PE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 24100CE and 24050PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 25500CE, 22500PE, and 24200PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 24000PE option, followed by the 24050PE and 24100PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| NIFTY | Weekly | Expiry: | 01-09-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 24,080.40 | 0.804 | 0.776 | 1.059 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 19,61,34,965 | 18,15,20,495 | 1,46,14,470 |
| PUT: | 15,76,80,055 | 14,08,61,175 | 1,68,18,880 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,500 | 1,70,01,530 | 41,39,980 | 24,99,631 |
| 24,300 | 1,45,73,065 | 14,94,415 | 45,21,751 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,100 | 99,95,505 | 51,38,380 | 86,31,448 |
| 24,500 | 1,70,01,530 | 41,39,980 | 24,99,631 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,500 | 60,79,775 | -36,78,090 | 3,40,758 |
| 24,750 | 27,74,005 | -17,41,285 | 5,34,801 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,100 | 99,95,505 | 51,38,380 | 86,31,448 |
| 24,200 | 1,25,99,015 | 35,09,025 | 66,12,183 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 1,60,24,385 | 57,62,380 | 1,19,47,246 |
| 24,100 | 1,01,80,170 | 2,63,900 | 86,64,178 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 1,60,24,385 | 57,62,380 | 1,19,47,246 |
| 24,050 | 85,19,355 | 45,34,010 | 97,81,675 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 22,500 | 40,84,600 | -25,28,240 | 2,19,814 |
| 24,200 | 56,17,560 | -23,61,450 | 28,04,711 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 1,60,24,385 | 57,62,380 | 1,19,47,246 |
| 24,050 | 85,19,355 | 45,34,010 | 97,81,675 |
NIFTY Monthly Expiry (29/09/2026)
The NIFTY index closed at 24080.4. The NIFTY monthly expiry for SEPTEMBER 29, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.162 against previous 1.158. The 25000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 24000PE and 24500CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 24600CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 24300CE and 24000PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 24500PE, 24200PE, and 26000CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 24000PE option, followed by the 24500CE and 25000CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| NIFTY | Monthly | Expiry: | 29-09-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 24,080.40 | 1.162 | 1.158 | 0.888 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 5,31,12,750 | 5,18,12,360 | 13,00,390 |
| PUT: | 6,16,96,940 | 6,00,14,995 | 16,81,945 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,000 | 62,83,420 | 2,00,525 | 60,286 |
| 24,500 | 53,01,205 | -38,415 | 65,123 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,600 | 15,92,630 | 4,86,720 | 26,102 |
| 24,300 | 42,27,795 | 2,74,885 | 53,264 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 26,000 | 39,08,245 | -1,11,215 | 19,669 |
| 25,200 | 9,48,805 | -52,195 | 14,759 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,500 | 53,01,205 | -38,415 | 65,123 |
| 25,000 | 62,83,420 | 2,00,525 | 60,286 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 59,82,480 | 2,41,910 | 78,688 |
| 23,000 | 49,49,045 | 1,74,730 | 32,043 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 59,82,480 | 2,41,910 | 78,688 |
| 23,500 | 41,02,085 | 2,41,020 | 51,175 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,500 | 39,83,720 | -4,00,595 | 25,038 |
| 24,200 | 25,33,245 | -1,82,130 | 50,810 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 59,82,480 | 2,41,910 | 78,688 |
| 23,500 | 41,02,085 | 2,41,020 | 51,175 |
BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry (29/09/2026)
The BANKNIFTY index closed at 58024.95. The BANKNIFTY monthly expiry for SEPTEMBER 29, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.121 against previous 1.111. The 57500PE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 57500CE and 58000CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 55000PE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 54000PE and 57300PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 57600CE, 58000PE, and 58300PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 58000CE option, followed by the 57500PE and 57500CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| BANKNIFTY | Monthly | Expiry: | 29-09-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 58,024.95 | 1.121 | 1.111 | 0.936 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 1,16,76,810 | 1,11,37,740 | 5,39,070 |
| PUT: | 1,30,92,900 | 1,23,70,530 | 7,22,370 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 57,500 | 18,83,130 | 9,030 | 82,137 |
| 58,000 | 12,42,150 | 31,470 | 97,645 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 59,000 | 8,17,950 | 51,600 | 41,351 |
| 58,500 | 6,06,690 | 44,970 | 51,198 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 57,600 | 1,65,150 | -21,960 | 26,926 |
| 57,800 | 2,85,180 | -8,910 | 33,334 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 12,42,150 | 31,470 | 97,645 |
| 57,500 | 18,83,130 | 9,030 | 82,137 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 57,500 | 19,21,980 | 55,800 | 96,745 |
| 58,000 | 10,51,740 | -20,250 | 38,518 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 55,000 | 6,20,220 | 66,540 | 26,738 |
| 54,000 | 6,32,460 | 57,990 | 20,229 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 10,51,740 | -20,250 | 38,518 |
| 58,300 | 59,670 | -14,550 | 1,923 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 57,500 | 19,21,980 | 55,800 | 96,745 |
| 57,400 | 3,73,080 | 19,440 | 74,287 |
MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry (29/09/2026)
The MIDCPNIFTY index closed at 15028.6. The MIDCPNIFTY monthly expiry for SEPTEMBER 29, 2026, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.089 against previous 1.050. The 14000PE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 15000PE and 15000CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 14900PE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 14800CE and 14000PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 64000PE, 64000PE, and 64000CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 15000CE option, followed by the 14000PE and 14500PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| MIDCPNIFTY | Monthly | Expiry: | 29-09-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 15,028.60 | 1.089 | 1.050 | 0.942 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 33,24,600 | 31,82,280 | 1,42,320 |
| PUT: | 36,22,080 | 33,42,240 | 2,79,840 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,000 | 5,01,600 | -59,880 | 10,125 |
| 15,500 | 4,35,720 | 71,880 | 6,502 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,800 | 1,69,440 | 86,760 | 4,506 |
| 15,500 | 4,35,720 | 71,880 | 6,502 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,100 | 3,07,680 | -69,600 | 4,553 |
| 15,000 | 5,01,600 | -59,880 | 10,125 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,000 | 5,01,600 | -59,880 | 10,125 |
| 15,500 | 4,35,720 | 71,880 | 6,502 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,000 | 10,39,800 | 77,640 | 8,213 |
| 15,000 | 5,47,920 | -99,960 | 7,131 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,900 | 2,62,920 | 92,760 | 7,577 |
| 14,000 | 10,39,800 | 77,640 | 8,213 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,000 | 5,47,920 | -99,960 | 7,131 |
| 15,100 | 1,53,120 | -19,200 | 437 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,000 | 10,39,800 | 77,640 | 8,213 |
| 14,500 | 4,95,840 | 40,680 | 7,677 |
Conclusion: What the NSE & BSE Indices Futures and Options Open Interest Volume Analysis Tells Us
To wrap up today’s Open Interest Volume Analysis, here is your detailed, index-by-index game plan based strictly on where the smart money is positioned:
NIFTY (Sell on Rallies): The reasoning here is clear—we are seeing Fresh Shorts in the futures data accompanied by a 31% volume spike, indicating strong bearish conviction. However, the option writers are aggressively defending the 24000 level (Maximum Put OI). Actionable Feedback: Do not short at the absolute bottom. Look to initiate short positions on any bounce toward the 24200-24300 zones, keeping a strict stop-loss just above the Max Pain level of 24400.
BANKNIFTY (Buy on Dips): This index is the undisputed star right now. The bears were forced to run for cover in the September expiry (Short Covering), while October futures saw a solid 8.37% jump in Fresh Longs. Actionable Feedback: Adopt a bullish bias. The 57500 level is a massive battleground (equal Max Call and Put OI), so use any intraday dip toward 57700 (Max Pain) as a buying opportunity. The upside is open for a test of the 59000 level where the new calls are being written.
MIDCPNIFTY (Proceed with Caution): The data screams profit booking. A colossal 205% surge in combined volume alongside dropping Open Interest confirms that traders are unwinding their long positions. Actionable Feedback: Avoid forcing fresh breakout trades here. Let the dust settle. If you want to play it safe, wait to buy near the heavy put addition support zone at 14900, keeping a tight stop-loss.
SENSEX (Capped Upside): Just like Nifty, the SENSEX is being dragged down by Fresh Shorts in the monthly futures. Option writers are aggressively adding calls at the 77000 mark, essentially building a brick wall for the bulls. Actionable Feedback: Trade this with a “Sell on Rise” strategy. Use the Max Pain level of 77200 as your ultimate resistance and target the 76800 put-writing base for short-term profits.
Check Previous Day’s NSE & BSE Indices F&O Analysis
FII / FPI trading activity in Capital Market Segment
NSE Derivatives Raw Data
BSE Derivatives Raw Data
Disclaimer
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