NSE & BSE Indices Futures and Options Open Interest Volume Analysis for 13/10/2025

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Open Interest Volume Analysis

On 13th October 2025, the Open Interest Volume Analysis revealed a nuanced shift in index sentiment: traders balanced fresh shorts in Nifty and Sensex with selective long buildup across midcaps and financials. Nifty’s combined futures open interest edged up by 0.4%—a signal that bears are tentatively building fresh shorts, even as October contracts saw modest long covering while November contracts attracted new short interest.

The bright spot in the session came from Bank Nifty and Finnifty, where fresh long positions dominated combined futures activity despite mixed price action, hinting at sector rotation and optimism in banking and financials. Midcap Nifty mirrored this positivity with steady increases in both price and OI, indicating traders are accumulating for the next leg.

In the options space, the PCR cooled in Nifty, Bank Nifty, and Sensex, while Finnifty and midcaps saw more robust put writing—suggesting confidence but also healthy hedging at higher strikes. Altogether, today’s Open Interest Volume Analysis reflects a market where participants remain tactically cautious in large indices but are actively positioning for upturns in select sectors.

NSE & BSE F&O Market Signals

NIFTY Future analysis

NIFTY Spot closed at: 25227.35 (-0.2%)

Combined = October + November + December

Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 0.4%

Combined Fut Volume Change: 19.6%

Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short

Rollover: 9% Previous 8%

NIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 25309.3 (-0.4%)

October Fut Premium 81.95 (Decreased by -43.7 points)

October Fut Open Interest Change: -0.2%

October Fut Volume Change: 22.2%

October Fut Open Interest Analysis: Long Covering

NIFTY NOVEMBER Future closed at: 25446 (-0.4%)

November Fut Premium 218.65 (Decreased by -36.1 points)

November Fut Open Interest Change: 6.7%

November Fut Volume Change: 0.7%

November Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short

NIFTY Weekly Expiry (14/10/2025) Option Analysis

Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.031 (Decreased from 1.399)

Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 1.005

Max Pain Level: 25200

Maximum CALL Open Interest: 25300

Maximum PUT Open Interest: 25200

Highest CALL Addition: 25200

Highest PUT Addition: 25200

NIFTY Monthly Expiry (28/10/2025) Option Analysis

Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.007 (Decreased from 1.066)

Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.902

Max Pain Level: 25100

Maximum CALL Open Interest: 26000

Maximum PUT Open Interest: 25000

Highest CALL Addition: 25600

Highest PUT Addition: 25200

BANKNIFTY Future Analysis

BANKNIFTY Spot closed at: 56625 (0.0%)

Combined = October + November + December

Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 1.0%

Combined Fut Volume Change: -28.4%

Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

Rollover: 12% Previous 12%

BANKNIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 56856.2 (0.0%)

October Fut Premium 231.2 (Decreased by -21.25 points)

October Fut Open Interest Change: 0.6%

October Fut Volume Change: -27.0%

October Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short

BANKNIFTY NOVEMBER Future closed at: 57151.6 (0.0%)

November Fut Premium 526.6 (Decreased by -15.65 points)

November Fut Open Interest Change: 0.3%

November Fut Volume Change: -34.9%

November Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short

BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry  (28/10/2025) Option Analysis

Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.098 (Decreased from 1.123)

Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.914

Max Pain Level: 56300

Maximum CALL Open Interest: 57000

Maximum PUT Open Interest: 55000

Highest CALL Addition: 56700

Highest PUT Addition: 54500

FINNIFTY Future Analysis

FINNIFTY Spot closed at: 26885.25 (0.2%)

Combined = October + November + December

Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 2.1%

Combined Fut Volume Change: -30.1%

Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

Rollover: 6% Previous 5%

FINNIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 26993.4 (0.1%)

October Fut Premium 108.15 (Decreased by -15.2 points)

October Fut Open Interest Change: 0.6%

October Fut Volume Change: -31.1%

October Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

FINNIFTY NOVEMBER Future closed at: 27145.2 (0.1%)

November Fut Premium 259.95 (Decreased by -4.2 points)

November Fut Open Interest Change: 33.3%

November Fut Volume Change: -17.9%

November Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

FINNIFTY Monthly Expiry  (28/10/2025) Option Analysis

Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 0.707 (Increased from 0.671)

Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.761

Max Pain Level: 26900

Maximum CALL Open Interest: 27300

Maximum PUT Open Interest: 25700

Highest CALL Addition: 27550

Highest PUT Addition: 25700

MIDCPNIFTY Future Analysis

MIDCPNIFTY Spot closed at: 13186.95 (0.3%)

Combined = October + November + December

Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 0.3%

Combined Fut Volume Change: 22.1%

Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

Rollover: 4% Previous 4%

MIDCPNIFTY OCTOBER Future closed at: 13238.8 (0.2%)

October Fut Premium 51.85 (Decreased by -15.15 points)

October Fut Open Interest Change: 0.3%

October Fut Volume Change: 27.5%

October Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

MIDCPNIFTY NOVEMBER Future closed at: 13290.75 (0.1%)

November Fut Premium 103.8 (Decreased by -18.85 points)

November Fut Open Interest Change: 0.8%

November Fut Volume Change: -37.5%

November Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long

MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry  (28/10/2025) Option Analysis

Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.268 (Decreased from 1.285)

Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.991

Max Pain Level: 13000

Maximum CALL Open Interest: 14000

Maximum PUT Open Interest: 12500

Highest CALL Addition: 13200

Highest PUT Addition: 13200

SENSEX Monthly Expiry (30/10/2025) Future

SENSEX Spot closed at: 82,327.05 (-0.21%)

SENSEX Monthly Future closed at: 82,683.65 (-0.36%)

Premium: 356.6 (Decreased by -124.78 points)

Open Interest Change: 5.1%

Volume Change: -43.7%

Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short

SENSEX Weekly Expiry (16/10/2025) Option Analysis

Put-Call Ratio (OI): 1.018 (Decreased from 1.405)

Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 1.071

Max Pain Level: 82300

Maximum CALL OI: 85000

Maximum PUT OI: 82000

Highest CALL Addition: 85000

Highest PUT Addition: 79500

FII & DII Cash Market Activity

FIIs Net SELL: ₹ 240.10 Cr.
DIIs Net BUY: ₹ 2,333.42 Cr.

FII Derivatives Activity

FII Trading Stats13.10.2510.10.259.10.25
FII Cash (Provisional Data)-240.1459.21,308.16
Index Future Open Interest Long Ratio7.31%7.53%7.49%
Index Future Volume Long Ratio40.46%57.85%55.33%
Call Option Open Interest Long Ratio48.19%50.68%48.65%
Call Option Volume Long Ratio49.73%50.26%50.21%
Put Option Open Interest Long Ratio64.83%62.39%64.31%
Put Option Volume Long Ratio50.19%50.13%49.80%
Stock Future Open Interest Long Ratio60.90%61.37%61.17%
Stock Future Volume Long Ratio45.74%52.11%52.09%
    
Index FuturesFresh ShortShort CoveringShort Covering
Index OptionsLong CoveringFresh LongFresh Short
    
Nifty FuturesFresh ShortShort CoveringShort Covering
Nifty OptionsLong CoveringFresh LongFresh Short
    
BankNifty FuturesFresh ShortShort CoveringShort Covering
BankNifty OptionsFresh ShortFresh LongLong Covering
    
FinNifty FuturesFresh ShortFresh ShortFresh Short
FinNifty OptionsLong CoveringFresh LongShort Covering
    
MidcpNifty FuturesFresh ShortShort CoveringFresh Long
MidcpNifty OptionsFresh LongFresh ShortFresh Long
    
NiftyNxt50 FuturesShort CoveringLong CoveringLong Covering
NiftyNxt50 OptionsFresh ShortFresh ShortFresh Long
    
Stock FuturesLong CoveringFresh LongFresh Long
Stock OptionsFresh LongFresh LongFresh Long

Fresh Long: Net Buy with Increase in Open Interest
Fresh Short: Net Sell with Increase in Open Interest
Short Covering: Net Buy with Decrease in Open Interest
Long Covering: Net Sell with Decrease in Open Interest

SENSEX Weekly Expiry (16/10/2025)

The SENSEX index closed at 82327.05. The SENSEX weekly expiry for OCTOBER 16, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.018 against previous 1.405. The 85000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 82000PE and 84000CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 85000CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 86000CE and 84000CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 82500PE, 82600PE, and 82700PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 82200PE option, followed by the 82000PE and 82500CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.

SENSEXWeeklyExpiry:16-10-2025
Index SpotPCR OIPrev PCR OIPCR VOL
82327.051.0181.4051.071
Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs:
 CurrentPriorNet Ch
CALL:  1,22,62,020        79,65,200           42,96,820
PUT:  1,24,85,100    1,11,91,440           12,93,660
Top CALL Open Interest:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
85000      10,75,960          4,46,220           46,39,020
84000        8,02,520          3,18,300           73,28,880
Top CALL Open Interest addition:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
85000      10,75,960          4,46,220           46,39,020
86000        7,39,660          3,30,760           37,13,800
Top CALL Open Interest reduction:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
84900            78,940            -35,560              6,15,020
87200              4,620            -15,100                 51,060
Top CALL Volume:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
82500        5,53,660              88,900        2,44,80,560
83000        6,62,520          2,16,680        2,07,56,160
Top PUT Open Interest:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
82000        9,96,320              94,080        2,89,75,740
79000        7,20,100          1,55,840           44,55,680
Top PUT Open Interest addition:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
79500        5,43,080          2,91,360           28,75,820
82200        5,20,240          1,85,240        3,03,58,500
Top PUT Open Interest reduction:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
82500        2,94,940        -3,57,580        1,07,86,520
82600        1,03,000        -1,96,140           31,52,120
Top PUT Volume:
StrikeOIOI ChangeVolume
82200        5,20,240          1,85,240        3,03,58,500
82000        9,96,320              94,080        2,89,75,740

NIFTY Weekly Expiry (14/10/2025)

The NIFTY index closed at 25227.35. The NIFTY weekly expiry for OCTOBER 14, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.031 against previous 1.399. The 25200PE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 25300CE and 25500CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 25200CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 25300CE and 25250CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 25300PE, 25250PE, and 26500CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 25200PE option, followed by the 25200CE and 25300CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.

NIFTYWeekly Expiry:14-10-2025
 Index Spot PCR OI Prev PCR OI PCR VOL
         25,227.35                1.031                  1.399               1.005
 Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs:
  Current Prior Net Ch
 CALL: 18,25,08,525   14,98,78,575   3,26,29,950
 PUT: 18,81,40,275   20,97,06,975 -2,15,66,700
 Top CALL Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,300    1,53,48,900         67,28,325       87,78,390
               25,500    1,48,46,850         36,55,725       31,07,800
 Top CALL Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200    1,06,10,100         73,56,450   1,06,01,452
               25,300    1,53,48,900         67,28,325       87,78,390
 Top CALL Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               26,500       54,01,350        -30,60,075         4,90,316
               27,000       30,28,650        -14,98,425         4,30,590
 Top CALL Volume:
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200    1,06,10,100         73,56,450   1,06,01,452
               25,300    1,53,48,900         67,28,325       87,78,390
 Top PUT Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200    1,59,83,775         21,91,125   1,21,75,534
               25,000    1,33,46,550            1,12,425       46,93,187
 Top PUT Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200    1,59,83,775         21,91,125   1,21,75,534
               25,150    1,00,30,650         16,63,125       78,12,407
 Top PUT Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,300       40,74,675        -60,77,775       32,99,461
               25,250       54,02,925        -32,42,625       52,37,980
 Top PUT Volume: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200    1,59,83,775         21,91,125   1,21,75,534
               25,150    1,00,30,650         16,63,125       78,12,407

NIFTY Monthly Expiry (28/10/2025)

The NIFTY index closed at 25227.35. The NIFTY monthly expiry for OCTOBER 28, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.007 against previous 1.066. The 26000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 25000PE and 25500CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 25600CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 25200CE and 25300CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 25700CE, 25800CE, and 25100PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 25000PE option, followed by the 25200CE and 25200PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.

NIFTY Monthly Expiry:28-10-2025
 Index Spot PCR OI Prev PCR OI PCR VOL
         25,227.35                1.007                  1.066               0.902
 Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs:
  Current Prior Net Ch
 CALL:    4,84,40,100      4,46,95,725       37,44,375
 PUT:    4,87,68,975      4,76,66,925       11,02,050
 Top CALL Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               26,000       56,35,500            1,57,650             74,183
               25,500       47,50,350            4,53,675         1,02,061
 Top CALL Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,600       25,34,925         13,64,625             80,140
               25,200       26,99,850            8,63,700         1,15,156
 Top CALL Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,700       18,66,000          -7,36,050             80,076
               25,800       21,58,875          -3,55,800             63,995
 Top CALL Volume:
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200       26,99,850            8,63,700         1,15,156
               25,500       47,50,350            4,53,675         1,02,061
 Top PUT Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,000       52,67,625          -2,26,800         1,20,022
               24,000       35,16,150            1,13,100             39,856
 Top PUT Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,200       25,07,775            4,97,775         1,02,773
               24,900       19,01,700            3,05,625             37,187
 Top PUT Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,100       16,12,500          -2,88,750             54,422
               25,000       52,67,625          -2,26,800         1,20,022
 Top PUT Volume: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,000       52,67,625          -2,26,800         1,20,022
               25,200       25,07,775            4,97,775         1,02,773

BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry (28/10/2025)

The BANKNIFTY index closed at 56625. The BANKNIFTY monthly expiry for OCTOBER 28, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.098 against previous 1.123. The 57000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 55000PE and 57000PE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 56700CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 54500PE and 58500CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 56200PE, 54900PE, and 52500PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 57000CE option, followed by the 56500PE and 56500CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.

BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry:28-10-2025
 Index Spot PCR OI Prev PCR OI PCR VOL
         56,625.00                1.098                  1.123               0.914
 Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs:
  Current Prior Net Ch
 CALL:    1,72,94,270      1,65,68,160         7,26,110
 PUT:    1,89,82,845      1,86,04,320         3,78,525
 Top CALL Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               57,000       22,64,675               89,985         1,96,018
               58,000       11,81,985                -6,300         1,10,640
 Top CALL Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               56,700          4,00,785            1,12,105         1,11,333
               58,500          8,09,970            1,03,250             53,582
 Top CALL Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               56,000          8,51,445              -38,815             23,649
               56,200          1,20,960              -26,320             13,131
 Top CALL Volume:
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               57,000       22,64,675               89,985         1,96,018
               56,500          7,94,850               16,695         1,60,649
 Top PUT Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               55,000       15,92,920              -33,250             65,765
               57,000       15,05,210                  6,020             65,954
 Top PUT Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               54,500       12,33,995            1,09,130             43,152
               56,500          7,43,505               66,815         1,88,352
 Top PUT Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               56,200          2,30,790          -1,04,405             50,470
               54,900          1,52,495              -83,440               9,359
 Top PUT Volume: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               56,500          7,43,505               66,815         1,88,352
               56,600          2,67,855               47,285         1,20,871

FINNIFTY Monthly Expiry (28/10/2025)

The FINNIFTY index closed at 26885.25. The FINNIFTY monthly expiry for OCTOBER 28, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 0.707 against previous 0.671. The 27300CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 27200CE and 27000CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 25700PE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 27550CE and 27000PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 25000PE, 27300CE, and 29000CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 27000CE option, followed by the 26800PE and 26800CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.

FINNIFTY Monthly Expiry:28-10-2025
 Index Spot PCR OI Prev PCR OI PCR VOL
         26,885.25                0.707                  0.671               0.761
 Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs:
  Current Prior Net Ch
 CALL:       11,83,585         11,54,465             29,120
 PUT:          8,36,225            7,74,475             61,750
 Top CALL Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               27,300          1,68,090                -8,840               1,414
               27,200          1,51,775                -3,120               3,520
 Top CALL Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               27,550             11,635               11,635                   221
               27,500          1,02,505               10,595               1,538
 Top CALL Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               27,300          1,68,090                -8,840               1,414
               29,000             29,640                -5,720                   350
 Top CALL Volume:
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               27,000          1,11,345                -4,290               5,879
               26,800             62,205                    -650               3,844
 Top PUT Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,700             80,080               18,135                   439
               26,900             79,690                  3,250               2,184
 Top PUT Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,700             80,080               18,135                   439
               27,000             51,545               11,570               1,646
 Top PUT Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               25,000             36,140                -8,905               2,252
               26,300             41,080                -3,965                   338
 Top PUT Volume:   
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               26,800             38,350                -2,470               4,202
               25,000             36,140                -8,905               2,252

MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry (28/10/2025)

The MIDCPNIFTY index closed at 13186.95. The MIDCPNIFTY monthly expiry for OCTOBER 28, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.268 against previous 1.285. The 12500PE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 14000CE and 13000PE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 13200CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 13200PE and 13100PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 67900CE, 68700PE, and 68700PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 13000PE option, followed by the 13200CE and 13100PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.

MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry:28-10-2025
 Index Spot PCR OI Prev PCR OI PCR VOL
         13,186.95                1.268                  1.285               0.991
 Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs:
  Current Prior Net Ch
 CALL:       61,49,220         59,59,240         1,89,980
 PUT:       77,98,700         76,60,240         1,38,460
 Top CALL Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               14,000          7,11,340              -12,460               3,944
               13,500          6,74,100               13,720             14,006
 Top CALL Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               13,200          4,98,260            1,72,900             18,465
               13,775          1,58,620               38,220                   695
 Top CALL Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               13,000          4,61,720              -89,600               8,220
               13,150             66,640              -13,300               5,774
 Top CALL Volume:
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               13,200          4,98,260            1,72,900             18,465
               13,500          6,74,100               13,720             14,006
 Top PUT Open Interest: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               12,500          7,44,520              -25,900               5,228
               13,000          7,09,800              -82,740             18,717
 Top PUT Open Interest addition: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               13,200          3,82,900               99,540               9,902
               13,100          3,46,640               72,100             17,550
 Top PUT Open Interest reduction: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               13,000          7,09,800              -82,740             18,717
               12,900          3,34,740              -28,980               8,826
 Top PUT Volume: 
 Strike OI OI Change Volume
               13,000          7,09,800              -82,740             18,717
               13,100          3,46,640               72,100             17,550

Conclusion: What the NSE & BSE Indices Futures and Options Open Interest Volume Analysis Tells Us

The derivatives structure for 13th October 2025 paints an intricate picture: Nifty and Sensex see emerging fresh shorts, confirming some nervousness near recent highs, but the underlying bid in Bank Nifty, Finnifty, and midcap contracts hints at selective bullish conviction. Mixed moves in option chains, with a drop in PCR for heavyweights but stable or rising ratios for midcaps and financial indices, suggest traders are hedging risk but not abandoning longs.

The overall Open Interest Volume Analysis indicates that while headline indices may struggle for immediate direction, underlying sector strength—especially in banking and midcaps—could drive the next move once expiry noise subsides. For investors, keeping an eye on changing OI patterns helps identify where real momentum is building beneath headline volatility.

Check Previous Day’s NSE & BSE Indices F&O Analysis

FII / FPI trading activity in Capital Market Segment

NSE Derivatives Raw Data

BSE Derivatives Raw Data

Disclaimer

fnodata.com is a financial blog providing research-based data and analysis. The content creator of the fnodata.com is not a SEBI registered Investment Advisor. The content on this blog is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice. You are responsible for your own investment decisions. You should consult with a financial advisor or conduct your own research before making any investment decisions.


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