Turning Complex Derivative Data into Clear Market Insights
NSE & BSE Indices Futures and Options Open Interest Volume Analysis for 12/08/2026

Table of Contents
Welcome back, traders! If you were watching the screens today, you probably noticed a massive tug-of-war happening across the indices. While the Nifty is feeling heavy under the weight of fresh shorts, the Bank Nifty and Midcap spaces are quietly seeing bullish accumulation.
To truly understand where the smart money is placing its bets for the upcoming expiries, a detailed Open Interest Volume Analysis is absolutely essential. By reading the subtle shifts in premiums, rollover percentages, and max pain levels, we can cut through the daily market noise and spot the real institutional trends. Let’s dive straight into the numbers to see how we can trade this divergence profitably!
NSE & BSE F&O Market Signals
NIFTY Future analysis
NIFTY Spot closed at: 24435.95 (-0.146%)
Combined = August + September + October
Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 4.54%
Combined Fut Volume Change: 87.15%
Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
Rollover: 13% Previous 12%
NIFTY AUGUST Future closed at: 24470.5 (-0.285%)
Aug Fut Premium 34.55 (Decreased by -34.25 points)
Aug Fut Open Interest Change: 3.62%
Aug Fut Volume Change: 83.03%
Aug Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
NIFTY SEPTEMBER Future closed at: 24602.9 (-0.289%)
Sep Fut Premium 166.95 (Decreased by -35.45 points)
Sep Fut Open Interest Change: 8.74%
Sep Fut Volume Change: 115.13%
Sep Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Short
NIFTY Weekly Expiry (18/08/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 0.754 (Decreased from 0.853)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.962
Max Pain Level: 24400
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 25000
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 24000
Highest CALL Addition: 24400
Highest PUT Addition: 24300
NIFTY Monthly Expiry (25/08/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.007 (Decreased from 1.032)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.825
Max Pain Level: 24500
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 25000
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 24000
Highest CALL Addition: 24400
Highest PUT Addition: 24300
BANKNIFTY Future Analysis
BANKNIFTY Spot closed at: 57885.85 (0.765%)
Combined = August + September + October
Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 0.02%
Combined Fut Volume Change: 38.91%
Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long
Rollover: 9% Previous 10%
BANKNIFTY AUGUST Future closed at: 58007.4 (0.749%)
Aug Fut Premium 121.55 (Decreased by -8.4 points)
Aug Fut Open Interest Change: 0.3%
Aug Fut Volume Change: 41.2%
Aug Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long
BANKNIFTY SEPTEMBER Future closed at: 58352 (0.685%)
Sep Fut Premium 466.15 (Decreased by -42.4 points)
Sep Fut Open Interest Change: -1.02%
Sep Fut Volume Change: 26.46%
Sep Fut Open Interest Analysis: Short Covering
BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry (25/08/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 0.875 (Increased from 0.820)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 1.171
Max Pain Level: 57900
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 58000
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 58000
Highest CALL Addition: 58200
Highest PUT Addition: 57500
MIDCPNIFTY Future Analysis
MIDCPNIFTY Spot closed at: 15032.65 (0.281%)
Combined = August + September + October
Combined Fut Open Interest Change: 1.11%
Combined Fut Volume Change: -16.80%
Combined Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long
Rollover: 6% Previous 5%
MIDCPNIFTY AUGUST Future closed at: 15015.9 (0.233%)
Aug Fut Discount -16.75 (Decreased by -7.15 points)
Aug Fut Open Interest Change: 0.35%
Aug Fut Volume Change: -17.95%
Aug Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long
MIDCPNIFTY SEPTEMBER Future closed at: 15068.9 (0.195%)
Sep Fut Premium 36.25 (Decreased by -12.8 points)
Sep Fut Open Interest Change: 16.83%
Sep Fut Volume Change: -4.65%
Sep Fut Open Interest Analysis: Fresh Long
MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry (25/08/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (Open Interest): 1.005 (Decreased from 1.029)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 0.936
Max Pain Level: 14900
Maximum CALL Open Interest: 15500
Maximum PUT Open Interest: 15000
Highest CALL Addition: 15500
Highest PUT Addition: 14900
SENSEX Monthly Expiry (27/08/2026) Future
SENSEX Spot closed at: 77,966.35 (-0.240%)
SENSEX Monthly Future closed at: 78,308.95 (-0.256%)
Premium: 342.6 (Decreased by -12.75 points)
Open Interest Change: -3.78%
Volume Change: 87.55%
Open Interest Analysis: Long Covering
SENSEX Weekly Expiry (13/08/2026) Option Analysis
Put-Call Ratio (OI): 0.795 (Increased from 0.739)
Put-Call Ratio (Volume): 1.044
Max Pain Level: 78000
Maximum CALL OI: 80000
Maximum PUT OI: 77500
Highest CALL Addition: 78000
Highest PUT Addition: 77500
FII & DII Cash Market Activity
FIIs Net SELL: ₹ 1,002.50 Cr.
DIIs Net BUY: ₹ 5,841.66 Cr.
FII Derivatives Activity
| FII Trading Stats | 12.08.26 | 11.08.26 | 10.08.26 |
| FII Cash (Provisional Data) | -1,002.50 | 258.55 | 1,974.76 |
| Index Future Open Interest Long Ratio | 12.51% | 11.86% | 12.57% |
| Index Future Volume Long Ratio | 34.92% | 33.84% | 39.92% |
| Call Option Open Interest Long Ratio | 39.96% | 40.43% | 42.58% |
| Call Option Volume Long Ratio | 49.56% | 49.63% | 50.11% |
| Put Option Open Interest Long Ratio | 70.37% | 71.75% | 65.55% |
| Put Option Volume Long Ratio | 50.19% | 49.63% | 50.13% |
| Stock Future Open Interest Long Ratio | 54.86% | 54.81% | 54.89% |
| Stock Future Volume Long Ratio | 50.72% | 48.73% | 49.27% |
| Index Futures | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Fresh Short |
| Index Options | Fresh Short | Long Covering | Fresh Long |
| Nifty Futures | Fresh Short | Long Covering | Fresh Short |
| Nifty Options | Fresh Short | Long Covering | Fresh Long |
| BankNifty Futures | Fresh Long | Fresh Short | Long Covering |
| BankNifty Options | Fresh Long | Fresh Short | Fresh Long |
| FinNifty Futures | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Short Covering |
| FinNifty Options | Fresh Short | Long Covering | Fresh Long |
| MidcpNifty Futures | Fresh Long | Long Covering | Fresh Long |
| MidcpNifty Options | Fresh Long | Fresh Short | Fresh Short |
| NiftyNxt50 Futures | Fresh Short | Fresh Long | Fresh Short |
| NiftyNxt50 Options | Fresh Long | Fresh Short | Fresh Long |
| Stock Futures | Short Covering | Long Covering | Fresh Short |
| Stock Options | Fresh Short | Fresh Short | Fresh Short |
NSE & BSE Option market Trends : Options Insights
SENSEX weekly Expiry (13/08/2026)
The SENSEX index closed at 77966.35. The SENSEX weekly expiry for AUGUST 13, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 0.795 against previous 0.739. The 80000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 79000CE and 78500CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 78000CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 77500PE and 79000CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 78200PE, 81500CE, and 78100PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 77500PE option, followed by the 78000CE and 77000PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| SENSEX | Weekly | Expiry: | 13-08-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 77966.35 | 0.795 | 0.739 | 1.044 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 3,48,07,180 | 2,32,33,340 | 1,15,73,840 |
| PUT: | 2,76,55,600 | 1,71,64,360 | 1,04,91,240 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 80000 | 25,33,620 | 9,00,380 | 2,96,25,740 |
| 79000 | 23,32,060 | 11,49,700 | 4,79,33,720 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 78000 | 16,23,200 | 12,70,240 | 10,23,81,020 |
| 79000 | 23,32,060 | 11,49,700 | 4,79,33,720 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 81500 | 4,94,900 | -4,41,880 | 57,45,000 |
| 80800 | 1,61,540 | -2,17,880 | 22,62,500 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 78000 | 16,23,200 | 12,70,240 | 10,23,81,020 |
| 78500 | 20,47,140 | 5,86,800 | 7,61,43,160 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77500 | 19,45,340 | 12,45,980 | 11,33,19,300 |
| 76000 | 19,01,260 | 4,40,560 | 2,80,94,180 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77500 | 19,45,340 | 12,45,980 | 11,33,19,300 |
| 77600 | 13,18,100 | 9,50,760 | 8,85,49,220 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 78200 | 2,47,540 | -4,91,400 | 1,74,51,480 |
| 78100 | 2,18,440 | -3,98,080 | 2,39,35,740 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 77500 | 19,45,340 | 12,45,980 | 11,33,19,300 |
| 77000 | 18,02,980 | 7,59,200 | 8,95,61,860 |
NIFTY Weekly Expiry (11/08/2026)’
The NIFTY index closed at 24435.95. The NIFTY weekly expiry for AUGUST 18, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 0.754 against previous 0.853. The 25000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 24500CE and 24000PE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 24400CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 24500CE and 24300PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 24500PE, 25250CE, and 24600PE options. Trading volume was highest in the 24400PE option, followed by the 24300PE and 24400CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| NIFTY | Weekly | Expiry: | 18-08-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 24,435.95 | 0.754 | 0.853 | 0.962 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 12,47,30,190 | 8,27,24,525 | 4,20,05,665 |
| PUT: | 9,40,65,010 | 7,05,89,480 | 2,34,75,530 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,000 | 91,37,440 | 26,29,770 | 8,24,244 |
| 24,500 | 89,39,710 | 38,02,435 | 19,88,153 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,400 | 60,40,580 | 42,06,280 | 20,50,696 |
| 24,500 | 89,39,710 | 38,02,435 | 19,88,153 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,250 | 11,64,410 | -9,23,455 | 4,27,809 |
| 26,200 | 2,59,220 | -1,56,845 | 37,674 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,400 | 60,40,580 | 42,06,280 | 20,50,696 |
| 24,500 | 89,39,710 | 38,02,435 | 19,88,153 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 76,93,010 | 18,41,190 | 12,29,884 |
| 24,300 | 56,41,935 | 29,05,110 | 23,51,426 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,300 | 56,41,935 | 29,05,110 | 23,51,426 |
| 24,000 | 76,93,010 | 18,41,190 | 12,29,884 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,500 | 30,82,040 | -11,87,420 | 12,13,594 |
| 24,600 | 16,64,195 | -2,07,805 | 3,30,816 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,400 | 48,49,520 | 17,25,035 | 24,13,660 |
| 24,300 | 56,41,935 | 29,05,110 | 23,51,426 |
NIFTY Monthly Expiry (25/08/2026)
The NIFTY index closed at 24435.95. The NIFTY monthly expiry for AUGUST 25, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.007 against previous 1.032. The 24000PE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 25000CE and 24500CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 24400CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 24300PE and 24500CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 25000PE, 23600PE, and 25550CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 25000CE option, followed by the 24500CE and 24500PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| NIFTY | Monthly | Expiry: | 25-08-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 24,435.95 | 1.007 | 1.032 | 0.825 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 6,13,13,135 | 5,49,21,880 | 63,91,255 |
| PUT: | 6,17,29,785 | 5,66,78,310 | 50,51,475 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,000 | 73,25,890 | 3,92,210 | 1,77,340 |
| 24,500 | 68,82,265 | 8,31,350 | 1,57,240 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,400 | 18,72,650 | 8,80,165 | 95,451 |
| 24,500 | 68,82,265 | 8,31,350 | 1,57,240 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,550 | 73,515 | -1,07,185 | 13,243 |
| 25,600 | 5,51,265 | -93,860 | 22,217 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,000 | 73,25,890 | 3,92,210 | 1,77,340 |
| 24,500 | 68,82,265 | 8,31,350 | 1,57,240 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,000 | 87,35,545 | -47,060 | 1,22,003 |
| 24,500 | 54,36,340 | 1,48,720 | 1,22,992 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,300 | 24,68,635 | 8,46,235 | 90,207 |
| 23,500 | 35,76,300 | 6,36,935 | 82,349 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 25,000 | 20,96,900 | -1,74,200 | 12,433 |
| 23,600 | 9,86,180 | -1,46,055 | 37,917 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 24,500 | 54,36,340 | 1,48,720 | 1,22,992 |
| 24,000 | 87,35,545 | -47,060 | 1,22,003 |
BANKNIFTY Monthly Expiry (25/08/2026)
The BANKNIFTY index closed at 57885.85. The BANKNIFTY monthly expiry for AUGUST 25, 2026 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 0.875 against previous 0.820. The 58000CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 58000PE and 60000CE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 58200CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 57500PE and 56000PE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 58000CE, 57500CE, and 60000CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 57500PE option, followed by the 58000CE and 57500CE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| BANKNIFTY | Monthly | Expiry: | 25-08-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 57,885.85 | 0.875 | 0.820 | 1.171 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 1,44,27,180 | 1,47,11,940 | -2,84,760 |
| PUT: | 1,26,27,810 | 1,20,64,890 | 5,62,920 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 21,26,970 | -2,43,060 | 1,79,920 |
| 60,000 | 13,63,230 | -98,040 | 64,614 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,200 | 3,03,360 | 1,14,540 | 43,015 |
| 61,000 | 7,09,980 | 57,420 | 26,466 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 21,26,970 | -2,43,060 | 1,79,920 |
| 57,500 | 5,73,060 | -1,43,790 | 1,41,395 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 21,26,970 | -2,43,060 | 1,79,920 |
| 57,500 | 5,73,060 | -1,43,790 | 1,41,395 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 14,54,310 | -84,570 | 1,22,373 |
| 57,000 | 10,09,410 | 29,280 | 1,09,898 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 57,500 | 6,33,420 | 84,600 | 1,81,248 |
| 56,000 | 7,59,090 | 80,970 | 71,290 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 58,000 | 14,54,310 | -84,570 | 1,22,373 |
| 54,000 | 3,52,530 | -37,830 | 23,505 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 57,500 | 6,33,420 | 84,600 | 1,81,248 |
| 57,600 | 2,09,370 | 28,110 | 1,36,073 |
MIDCPNIFTY Monthly Expiry (25/08/2026)
The MIDCPNIFTY index closed at 15032.65. The MIDCPNIFTY monthly expiry for AUGUST 25, 2026, 2025 has revealed key trends in open interest. The current Put/Call Ratio is at 1.005 against previous 1.029. The 15500CE option holds the maximum open interest, followed by the 15000CE and 15000PE options. Market participants have shown increased interest with significant open interest additions in the 15500CE option, with open interest additions also seen in the 15000CE and 15400CE options. On the other hand, open interest reductions were prominent in the 72500PE, 72500CE, and 67700CE options. Trading volume was highest in the 15000CE option, followed by the 14900PE and 15000PE options, indicating active trading in these strikes.
| MIDCPNIFTY | Monthly | Expiry: | 25-08-2026 |
| Index Spot | PCR OI | Prev PCR OI | PCR VOL |
| 15,032.65 | 1.005 | 1.029 | 0.936 |
| Total Open Interest Change in all CALLs & PUTs: | |||
| Current | Prior | Net Ch | |
| CALL: | 60,46,800 | 57,07,440 | 3,39,360 |
| PUT: | 60,77,400 | 58,73,880 | 2,03,520 |
| Top CALL Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,500 | 14,51,400 | 1,13,160 | 10,332 |
| 15,000 | 10,08,240 | 69,720 | 17,879 |
| Top CALL Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,500 | 14,51,400 | 1,13,160 | 10,332 |
| 15,000 | 10,08,240 | 69,720 | 17,879 |
| Top CALL Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,800 | 2,19,360 | -49,320 | 2,603 |
| 15,600 | 83,280 | -20,040 | 2,041 |
| Top CALL Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,000 | 10,08,240 | 69,720 | 17,879 |
| 14,900 | 3,91,440 | 54,600 | 11,679 |
| Top PUT Open Interest: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,000 | 7,63,920 | 42,960 | 12,540 |
| 14,500 | 6,78,840 | 16,440 | 7,747 |
| Top PUT Open Interest addition: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,900 | 6,13,560 | 54,840 | 14,435 |
| 14,600 | 2,95,320 | 53,280 | 4,425 |
| Top PUT Open Interest reduction: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 15,200 | 37,920 | -25,440 | 856 |
| 14,875 | 34,800 | -16,920 | 1,163 |
| Top PUT Volume: | |||
| Strike | OI | OI Change | Volume |
| 14,900 | 6,13,560 | 54,840 | 14,435 |
| 15,000 | 7,63,920 | 42,960 | 12,540 |
Conclusion: What the NSE & BSE Indices Futures and Options Open Interest Volume Analysis Tells Us
Nifty 50 Strategy: Our Open Interest Volume Analysis reveals heavy fresh shorting across Nifty futures, backed by an 87% surge in volume and steadily dropping premiums. With the weekly Put-Call Ratio plunging to 0.754, bears are clearly pressing their advantage.
Actionable Feedback: Treat minor bounces as sell-on-rise opportunities as long as the index stays below the 24400 call writing wall. However, do not get complacent—there is a strong possibility of vicious short-covering above the monthly max pain at 24500. If the market crosses that line, early shorts will be trapped, flipping the momentum instantly in favor of the bulls.
Bank Nifty Strategy: We have a clear divergence here compared to the broader market. The Open Interest Volume Analysis points to fresh longs building in the August contract and active short-covering taking place in September.
Actionable Feedback: The data suggests a solid buy-on-dips approach. The aggressive put writing at 57500 offers a great support cushion. If we manage to sustain above the 57900 max pain level, expect a quick dash toward the massive 58000 resistance zone.
Midcap Nifty Strategy: This index is showing silent but resilient strength, with fresh longs rolling over into the September series and a very balanced monthly PCR of 1.005.
Actionable Feedback: The max pain and highest put addition both sit perfectly at 14900, creating a concrete floor for the bulls. Keep trailing your long positions with a strict stop below 14900, keeping an eye on the 15500 call resistance zone for ultimate profit booking.
Sensex Strategy: Sensex is flashing some exhaustion signs with classic long unwinding (Open Interest dropping by 3.78% alongside falling prices and premium decay).
Actionable Feedback: Bulls are clearly taking risk off the table. Stay nimble and avoid aggressive fresh entries until we see a definitive reaction around the critical weekly max pain level of 78000.
Check Previous Day’s NSE & BSE Indices F&O Analysis
FII / FPI trading activity in Capital Market Segment
NSE Derivatives Raw Data
BSE Derivatives Raw Data
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